An international team of researchers, including scientists from the University of York, the University of St Andrews and the Hawk Conservancy Trust, believes that African vultures are likely to qualify as 'Critically Endangered' under the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) global threat criteria.
In a report out today in Conservation Letters, scientists from across Europe, Africa and North America have published the first continent-wide estimates of decline rates in African vultures.
The study indicates that Africa's vultures are declining at rates of 70-97 per cent over three generations — a time interval used by the IUCN when assessing a species' threat status. Since six of the eight species are largely or wholly confined to Africa, and are projected to decline by at least 80 per cent over three generations, vultures could qualify as Critically Endangered under the IUCN's global threat criteria.
The study estimated rates of decline over three generations for the following eight vulture species: Lammergeier (-70%), Egyptian Vulture (-92%), White-backed Vulture (-90%), Rüppell's Vulture (-97%), Cape Vulture (-92%), Hooded Vulture (-83%), Lappet-faced Vulture (-80%), White-headed Vulture (-96%).
The decline is due to incidental and deliberate poisoning, the illegal trade in vulture body parts for traditional medicine, killing for bushmeat, mortality caused by power lines and wind turbines, and a reduction in habitat and the availability of food from wild game populations. The report shows that many African national parks and game reserves offer vulture species little effective protection from such threats.
The study estimates that White-headed Vulture has declined by an appalling 96% over three generations (Photo: Stephen Allen)
Scavengers such as vultures are essential to a healthy ecosystem. Without them, carcasses are largely consumed by mammalian scavengers such as dogs and jackals and this can increase levels of disease transmission, with possible dire consequences for human health. With a long life-span, vultures are slow breeders and take several years to reach maturity, typically fledging only a single offspring every 1-2 years.
Continent-wide declines in vulture species have already been reported in four Asian vulture species. However, there are two important distinctions between this crisis and that in Africa. First, to date, the rates of decline evident in Africa have been substantially lower than in Asia, affording African governments a window of opportunity to heed off the environmental consequences of a collapse in numbers. Second, Asian vultures have declined largely as a result of a single factor — ingestion of the anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac — while African vultures face multiple threats.
The study suggests the greatest quantifiable threat to Africa's vultures is poisoning, which accounts for 61 per cent of all reported deaths. African vultures are often the unintended victims of such incidents, in which carcasses are baited with highly toxic agricultural pesticides to kill livestock predators. The recent rapid increase in elephant and rhino poaching throughout Africa has also led to a surge in the number of vulture deaths recorded, as carcasses have been poisoned specifically to eliminate vultures, whose overhead circling might otherwise reveal the poachers' illicit activities.
Cape Griffon Vulture is estimated to have declined by 92% over three generations (Photo: Andre Botha)
Dr Darcy Ogada of The Peregrine Fund and lead author of the study, said: "Large declines of Africa's vultures should ring alarm bells due to their immense ecological importance. Vultures are a vital component of a healthy environment, especially in Africa, where 'free' ecosystem services such as disposal of carcasses and other waste products remain the norm. If we don't take urgent steps to save these birds, and in particular to curtail wildlife poisoning, we should expect long-term consequences for the environment, as well as for humans in Africa.
"The situation requires the resolution of a number of environmental and cultural issues. We propose a range of measures, including more effective regulation of the import and sale of agricultural and other chemicals commonly used as poisons. This would benefit not just vultures, but all species widely targeted by pastoralists and poachers in Africa."
Dr Colin Beale, Lecturer at the University of York's Department of Biology said: "At my field sites in Tanzania we have noted declines in vulture species over many years, but only when putting together the full continental picture did we realise how critically threatened these birds have become. Because these birds forage over such large areas, effortlessly crossing international borders, we're concerned that even the largest protected areas of the Serengeti and Ruaha ecosystems are inadequate to protect them for the future."
Dr Phil Shaw of the University of St Andrews' School of Biology said: "Vultures are charismatic, iconic species, but they are also functionally important, playing a vital role in clearing up carcasses of wild animals and livestock, and incidentally helping to suppress disease transmission. Our study demonstrates that declines are occurring throughout Africa and — because vultures live long and breed slowly — the severity of these declines is greater than had been appreciated. It's rare for an entire functional group to come under threat, in this case with potentially major ecological impacts — as well as implications for human health."
Dr Campbell Murn, Head of Conservation and Research at the Hawk Conservancy Trust said: "Vultures are integral to Africa's ecological and cultural landscapes, and it is change in cultural practices at multiple levels that is required to reverse this disastrous situation. Without such changes, and the reversal of these declines, the full consequences of Africa's vultures disappearing cannot be predicted."
Reference
Ogada D L, Shaw P, & 13 others. 2015. Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction. Conservation Letters. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12182
