Half of UK butterfly species now Red Listed

Wildlife charity Butterfly Conservation has warned that time is running out to save some of Britain's best-loved insects, with the latest Red List assessment of butterflies published today [25 May], revealing a 26% increase in the number of species threatened with extinction.

Using data gathered by volunteers through the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme and Butterflies for the New Millennium recording scheme, scientists from Butterfly Conservation have put together the new Red List, which assesses all the butterfly species that have bred regularly in Great Britain against the rigorous criteria of extinction risk set out by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The new Red List is published in the journal Insect Conservation and Diversity.

Of the 62 species assessed, four are extinct in Britain (Black-veined White, Large Tortoiseshell, Large Copper and Mazarine Blue) with 24 (41% of the remaining species) classed as threatened (eight Endangered, 16 Vulnerable) and a further five (9%) as Near Threatened.

Large Heath is one of several species with northerly distributions that is struggling in Britain (Martin Jump).

Dr Richard Fox, Head of Science at Butterfly Conservation, said: "Shockingly, half of Britain's remaining butterfly species are listed as threatened or Near Threatened on the new Red List. Even prior to this new assessment, British butterflies were among the most threatened in Europe, and now the number of threatened species in Britain has increased by five, an increase of more than a quarter. While some species have become less threatened, and a few have even dropped off the Red List, the overall increase clearly demonstrates that the deterioration of the status of British butterflies continues apace."

While land-use change remains the most important driver of decline, the impact of climate change on butterflies is also evident in the new Red List, with all four British butterflies with northerly distributions, adapted to cooler or damper climates, now listed as threatened (Large Heath, Scotch Argus, Northern Brown Argus) or Near Threatened (Mountain Ringlet).

Both Large Heath and Grayling have moved from Vulnerable to Endangered, and seven species have moved from Near Threatened to threatened, including Swallowtail and Adonis Blue. Two new species have been added for the first time: Scotch Argus, which is listed as Vulnerable, and Dark Green Fritillary, listed as Near Threatened.

Dark Green Fritillary is now listed as Near Threatened (Rob Smith).

It isn't bad news for all butterfly species, though, with some improvement in status for those that have been the focus of concentrated conservation effort, offering hope for other species.

Large Blue, which became extirpated in Britain in 1979 and has been the subject of an intensive, ongoing and highly successful reintroduction programme, has moved from Critically Endangered to Near Threatened. High Brown Fritillary, also formerly listed as Critically Endangered, has moved to Endangered, with this likely to be the result of intense conservation work from Butterfly Conservation alongside other organisations. Duke of Burgundy and Pearl-bordered Fritillary, which have also benefitted from much targeted conservation effort, both moved from Endangered to Vulnerable.

Large Blue has been the subject of a successful reintroduction in southern England (Nigel Kiteley).

Dr Richard Fox added: "Where we are able to target conservation work, we have managed to bring species back from the brink, but with the extinction risk increasing for more species than are decreasing, more must be done to protect our butterflies from the effects of changing land management and climate change. Without action it is likely that species will be lost from Britain's landscapes for good, but Butterfly Conservation is taking bold steps to improve key landscapes for butterflies and reduce the extinction risk of many threatened species."

The production of the new Red List of British butterflies has been led by Butterfly Conservation with input and funding from Natural England, and the full paper can be found here.